noun clauses

NOUN CLAUSES

Noun clause adalah clause (i.e. subject dan verb) yang difungsikan sebagai noun. Noun clause dalam kalimat pada umumnya digunakan sebagai subject dan object kalimat.

A. Noun Clauses diawali dengan Question words

Dalam How to Address Questions sudah dibahas tentang penggunaan kata tanya baik dalam membuat information questions maupun dalam membuat embedded questions.  Embedded questions tersebut adalah noun clause. Dalam section ini diberikan contoh tambahan untuk merefresh memori anda.

1. Single question words.

Contoh:

1. Where she is now is still unknown.
2. When they arrive is still uncertain.
3. I know what you did last summer and I still know what you did last summer are two Hollywood movies starred by Jennifer Love Hewitt. Perhatikan: dalam kalimat ini, noun clause what you did last summer menjadi object dari I know dan I still know, dan setelah digabung dengan: are two Hollywood movies starred by Jennifer Love Hewitt, menjadi subject majemuk dari kalimat.

Noun clause dapat ditempatkan diawal kalimat (sebagai subject) atau sebagai object. Jika anda ingin merubah posisi noun clause dari subject kalimat menjadi object kalimat, biasanya dibutuhkan pronoun it atau sedikit modifikasi kata. Contoh di atas menjadi:

1. It is still unknown where she is now.
2. Do you know when they arrive?
3. Two Hollywood movies starred by Jennifer Love Hewitt are I know what you did last summer and I still know what you did last summer. Karena merupakan judul movies, noun clause what you did last summer tidak perlu diputar posisinya.

Note:

a) Clause yang diawali oleh question words tertentu (i.e. when, whenever, where) juga dapat berfungsi sebagai adverbial clause.

Contoh:

1. I was reading a book when the phone rang.
2. I went to where I and my ex girlfriend had been last weekend.
3. I suddenly get nausea whenever I see his face. (nausea = mual/mau muntah).

Contoh yang lain dapat dibaca di topik: Conjunctions.

b). Clause yang diawali oleh question words tertentu (i.e. who, whom, whose + noun) juga dapat berfungsi sebagai adjective clause. Dalam hal ini, kata tanya tersebut sebenarnya adalah relative pronoun. Well, jangan terlalu dipusingkan dengan istilah. Yang penting anda mengerti pola/struktur kalimatnya. Tapi, jika anda penasaran, silakan baca topic adjective clauses.

Contoh:

1. I think you whom Mr. Dodi was looking for. (Saya kira kamu (orang) yang pak Dodi sedang cari-cari tadi).
2. Mr. Dodi, who is a teacher, was looking for you at school.
3. Rommy, whose book was stolen last week, just bought another new book yesterday.

Lantas, bagaimana cara membedakan apakah itu noun clause, adverbial clause, atau adjective clause? Jawabannya sederhana. Noun clause dapat digantikan dengan pronoun it, sedangkan adverbial clause dan adjective clause tidak. Noun clause menjawab pertanyaan what dan who/whom; Adverbial clause menjawab pertanyaan when, where, how (termasuk how much, how often, ect), dan why. Adjective clause (i.e. kata sifat yang berbentuk clause) menerangkan noun, dan relative pronounnya (i.e. who, that, ect.) dalam bahasa Indonesia berarti “yang“. Adverbial clauses sudah disinggung pada pembahasan tentang conjunctions. Khusus untuk perbedaan noun clause dan adjective clause dapat dibaca di topik: Perbedaan Noun Clause dan Adjective Clause.

2. Question words + ever/soever

Kecuali how, diakhir question words dapat ditambahkan ever atau soever menjadi whenever = whensoever, whatever= whatsoever, dan seterusnya. Arti ever atau soever di sini sama, yaitu saja/pun, tinggal dikombinasikan dengan kata tanya di depannya. Sedangkan, how+ever menjadi however (i.e. adverb atau juga disebut kata transisi yang berarti namun/walapun demikian) tidak termasuk dalam katagori ini.

Contoh:

1. We will accept whatever you want us to do. (Kami akan menerima/melakukan apa saja yang kamu ingin kami lakukan).
2. Whoever can melt her feeling is a very lucky guy. (melt = meluluhkan). Be careful: guy (dibaca gae)= laki-laki, sedangkan gay (dibaca gei) = fag = homo.
3. She has agreed to wherever the man would bring her. (Dia telah setuju kemanapun pria itu membawanya pergi). Note: in speaking (informal), preposition (dalam hal ini to, etc.) biasanya diletakkan di ujung kalimat. She has agreed wherever the man would bring her to.

3. Question words + nouns

Question words + nouns yang sering digunakan antara lain: what time (jam berapa), what day (hari apa), what time (jam berapa), what kind (jenis apa), what type (tipe apa), whose + nouns (i.e. whose car, whose book, ect.), dan seterusnya.

Contoh:

1. I can’t remember what day we will take the exam.
2. As long as I am faithful, she doesn’t care what type of family I come from. (faithful = setia).
3. Do you know what time it is?
4. I don’t know whose car is parked in front of my house.

4. Question words + adjectives

Question words + adjectives yang sering digunakan antara lain: how long (berapa panjang/lama), how far (berapa jauh), how old (berapa tua/umur), ect.

Contoh:

1. Man! She still looks young. Do you know how old she actually is?
2. I am lost. Could you tell me how far it is from here to the post office?
3. What a jerk. He didn’t even ask how long I had been waiting for him.

5. Question words + determiners.

Question words + determiners yang sering digunakan adalah: how many (berapa banyak) dan  how much (berapa banyak). Remember: how many diikuti oleh plural nouns, sedangkan how much diikuti oleh uncountable nouns.

Contoh:

1. Is there any correlation between how good he or she is in English and how many books he or she has?
2. How much your English skill will improve is determined by how hard you practice.

6. Question words + adverbs.

Question words + adverbs yang sering digunakan adalah: how often (berapa sering), how many times (berapa kali) ect.

Contoh:

1. No matter how often I practice, my English still sucks. (Tidak memandang berapa kali saya latihan, bahasa Inggris saya masih jelek). Suck (informal verb) = jelek/tidak baik; arti suck yang lain: mengisap.
2. I don’t want my parents to know how many times I have left school early. (leave school early = bolos).

7. Question words + infinitives.

Jika question words langsung diikuti oleh infinitives, invinitives tersebut mengandung makna should atau can/could. Perhatikan bahwa subject setelah question words dihilangkan.

Contoh:

1. She didn’t know what to do = She didn’t know what she should do. (Dia tidak tahu apa yang seharusnya dia lakukan).
2. Please tell me how to get the train station from here = Please tell me how I can get the train station from here.
3. We haven’t decided when to go to the beach = We haven’t decided when we should go to the beach.
4. Marry told us where to find her = Marry told us where we could find her.

B. Noun clauses diawali dengan whether/if

Whether bisa diikuti oleh OR/NOT bisa juga tidak; makna kalimat biasanya sama walaupun OR/NOT tidak disebutkan (ini tergantung konteks kalimat). Untuk penggunaan if, selain telah dibahas di topic conjunctions, juga telah dibahas di topic conditionals. Note: whether pelafalannya sama dengan weather (cuaca), tulisannya juga mirip. Be careful, jangan sampai tertukar.

1. I am not sure whether she is coming or not = I am not sure whether or not she is coming = I am not sure whether she is coming. (Saya tidak yakin apakah dia akan datang atau tidak).
2. We can’t decide whether we should go out or stay home. = We can’t decide whether to go or (to) stay home. Perhatikan, infinitives juga dapat digunakan setelah whether.
3. I am not sure whether I should take economics or law after I graduate from high school. (Saya tidak yakin apakah saya harus ngambil Ekonomi atau Hukum setelah lulus SMA nanti).
4. If you take economics, I will take economics. On the other hand, if you take law, I will take law too.

C. Noun clauses diawali dengan that/the fact that

Di sini that berarti bahwa, sedangkan the fact that berarti fakta bahwa. Sedangkan, that dalam adjective clauses berarti yang.

1. That she has had a PhD degree at the age of 20 surprises a lot of people = It surprises a lot of people that she has had a PhD degree at the age of 20.
2. It is the fact that the world is round = the fact that the world is round is well known.
3. It was obvious that she was very sick = The fact that she was very sick was obvious.
4. It seems that it is going to rain soon.

Sekarang coba anda latihan buat kalimat dengan menggunakan:

1. It is + (true, too bad, unfortunate, strange, impossible, unlikely, a well known fact, my belief, etc) + (that/the fact that) + S +V.
2. It + stative + (that/the fact that) + S +V. Kata-kata yang termasuk stative verbs dapat dilihat pada topik simple present tense.

Referensi: http://swarabhaskara.com/parts-of-speech/noun-clauses/

SOAL

....................was ringing continuously for hours.

(A) Loudly

(B) In the morning

(C) The phone

(D) The bells

Analisa:

·         Kalimat di atas memiliki Verb yaitu was ringing, tapi tidak memilikiSubject.

·         Dari pilihan jawaban; (A) Loudly dan (B) In the morning salah karena keduanya adalah adverb.Jawaban (D) The bells juga salah karena bells adalah pluraldan tidak sesuai dengan wasringing yang berbentuk singular verb. Jawaban terbaik adalah (C) The phone karena phonesingular verbdan sesuai dengan singular verb was ringing.

Newspapers _______ every morning and every evening.

(A) delivery

(B) are delivered

(C) on time

(D) regularly

Analisa:

·         Kalimat diatas memiliki Subject yaitu Newspapers, tapi tidak memilikiVerb.

·         Jawaban (A) delivery, (C) on time dan (D) regularly adalah salah karena mereka bukan subject.Jawaban (B) are delivered benar karena mereka adalah verb.

The plane __________ landing at the airport in five minutes.

(A) it is

(B) it really is

(C) is descending

(D) will be

Analisa:

·         Kalimat diatas memiliki Subject The plane dan kata kerja landing. Tapi kata kerja landing belumlengkap (not complete verb) dan harus memiliki tobe is untuk menjadikan kata kerja itu kata kerjayang lengkap (complete verb).

·         Jawaban (A) it is dan (B) it really is salah karena akan ada double Subject it dan plane. Jawaban(C) is descending salah karena ada double subject descending dan landing.

·         Jawaban terbaik adalah (D) will be karena kalau will be di gabungkan dengan landing akan menjadicomplete verb.

 A dream about falling ______

 (A) scary is

 (B) is scary

 (C) are scary

 (D) very scary is

Analisa:

·         A dream about falling is scary, karena subjek, A dream, merupakan subjek tunggal danmembutuhkan to be singular yang berperan sebagai verbs untukcomplements adjectives, scary.

  _____ this blog on july 14th 2009

 (A) launch

 (B) launching

 (C) launched

 (D) will launching

Analisa:

·         I launched this blog on July 14th 2009, karena kalimat berbentukpast tense jika dilihatdari modifier time yakni, on July 14th 2009, sehingga jawabannya memerlukan verbs dalam bentuk verb 2 untuk memeuhi aturansimple past tense, jadi jawabannya adalah launched.

http://www.belajartoefl.net/2012/01/

CONTOH SOAL DIRECT AND INDRECT, DAN ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

Contoh Soal DIRECT AND INDIRECT
1.    Beckham : Did you know what Fingo said yesterday?
        Raul         : Of course. He said ____ the previous day.
                a. had gone to his country            d. he went to his country
                b. he has gone to his country        e. he goes to his country
                c. he will go to his country
    Jawaban : A ( kalau kalimat langsung/direct simple past, indirect/tdk langsung harus past perfect)

2.    Teacher : Why was Mary absent yesterday?
       Jenifer   : What did the teacher want to know, Ferdy?
       Ferdy     : he wanted to know ____
                a. if Mary was absent            d. that Mary had been absent
                b. why Mary was absent        e. why Mary had been absent
                c. why was Mary absent
    Jawaban : E (direct berbentuk Wh-question bentuk past tense jadi indirec berbentuk  past perfect)

3.    Mother   : Don’t be so noisy, Herman. The baby is sleeping.
       Herman  : Okay, mom.
       Rudy      : What did your mother just told you?
       Herman  : She told me ___ because the baby was sleeping.
                a. I wasn’t so noisy               d. I am very noisy
                b. not to be so noisy             e. to be not so noisy
                c. don’t be noisy
    Jawaban : B (direct: don’t + be maka indirect: not + to be)

4.   Doctor   : Open your mouth!
      Mother  : What did the doctor tell you?
      Son       : The doctor told me ___
                   a. that I open his mouth            d. to open my mouth
                   b. if I opened my mouth            e. opened my mouth
                   c. to open my mouth
        Jawaban : D (direct: V1 + O maka direct: to V1 + O)

5.   Mother : Do you want meatballs or fried chicken?
      Mother asked me ____
                a. whether I wanted meatball or fried shicken
                b. whether I want meatball or fried chicken
                c. that I wanted meatball or fried chicken
                d. that I want meatball or fried chicken
                e. if I want meatball or fried chicken
    Jawaban: A (direct: do/does + S +V1 maka indirect: if/whether + S + V2)

http://abudira.wordpress.com/2010/06/08/direct-dan-indirect-speech/

Adverb Clauses Exercises:

A. Combine the following sentences using adverb clauses at the end of the sentence.

1.    We watched the robins. They raised their young in our apple tree.

2.   Becky read the book. It was recommended by a friend.

3.   Dad donates his suits to charity. He has worn them a year.

4.   The policemen delayed the drivers. The wrecks were cleared.

5.   Ann ate an apple. She studied her vocabulary.

B. Combine the following sentences using adverb clauses at the beginning of the sentence.

1.    Frank started medical training. He drove a forklift for a living.

2.   The rains had started the mud slides. The homes were not safe to live in.

3.   Older people love to sit in the park. They feed the birds and visit.

4.   I enjoyed camping out. I was much younger.

5.   Joe recognised the man. The man had stopped his car to help.

C. Find the adverb clauses in these sentences. What are their meanings (time, place...)? If it is a reduced adverb clause, add the missing words.

1.    You seem very happy when you help other people.

2.   While you wait, we will detail your car.

3.   I am happier than I ever was before.

4.   That horse is more obstinate than a mule.

5.   The woman took notes while being taught to cook with broccoli.

6.   Ben fields baseballs better than he hits.

7.   As the lions approached the carcass, the cheetahs retreated once more.

8.   While eating, I choked on a bone

Suggested answers:

A.

1.    We watched the robins while they raised their young in our apple tree.

2.   Becky read the book since it was recommended by a friend.

3.   Dad donates his suits to charity after he has worn them a year.

4.   The policemen delayed the drivers until the wrecks were cleared.

5.   Ann ate an apple as she studied her vocabulary.

B.

1.    Before Frank started medical training, he drove a forklift for a living.

2.   Because the rains had started the mud slides, the homes were not safe to live in.

3.   While they feed the birds and visit, older people love to sit in the park.

4.   When I was much younger, I enjoyed camping out.

5.   After the man had stopped his car to help, Joe recognised him.

C.

1.    when you help other people (time)

2.   While you wait (time)

3.   than I ever was (happy) before (comparison)

4.   than a mule (is obstinate) (comparison)

5.   while (she was) being taught to cook with broccoli (time)

6.   than he hits (baseballs well) (comparison)

7.   As the lions approached the carcass (time)

8.   While (I was) eating (time)

http://www.carmenlu.com/fifth/grammar/adverb_clauses5_1b.html 

Adverb Clauses
1. __________ getting the highest result in the class, John still had problems with the teacher.
(A) Despite of
(B) In spite of 
(C) Even though
(D) Nonetheless
2. _______ air is composed of about 78 percent nitrogen and only about 21 percent oxygen, is a little known fact on the streets.
A. How that
B. That
C. When 
D. However
3. _______ he was seen to be an aggressive politician, he was a quiet and loving family man at home.
A. Although
B. Despite
C. In spite of
D. Nevertheless
4. _______ the variable drops by a unit of 1, the rank drops by X amount.
A. Why
B. Whenever
C. How
D. What
5. This method is widely used _______ algorithm is not only effective but also very simple.
A. because its
B. because
C. it is because D. because of its

http://finitaankgi.blogspot.com/2011/04/tugas-pilihan-ganda-bhs-inggris-2.html

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

DIRECT DAN INDIRECT SPEECH

Ada dua cara untuk mengungkapkan apa yang seseorang katakan yaitu: langsung (direct) dan tidak langsung (indirect/reported).
Pada kalimat langsung, kita mengulangi ucapan pembicara (speaker) sama persis. Kalimat langsung biasanya digunakan dalam percakapan di dalam buku, drama, ataupun dalam tanda kurung.
Contoh:
He said, ‘I have lost my umbrella.’
Kalimat langsung (direct) mempunyai dua bagian, yaitu: reporting sentence dan reported sentence. Reporting sentence adalah klausa yang berisi siapa yang berbicara, sedangkan reported sentence adalah klausa yang berisi apa yang dibicarakan.
Contoh:
Mike said, “I will come to your house.”
reporting reported

Sedangkan, pada kalimat tidak langsung (indirect), kita mengungkapkan maksud ucapan pembicara dengan ungkapan yang tidak sama persis.
Contoh:
He said (that) he had lost his umbrella.

PERUBAHAN KALIMAT LANGSUNG (DIRECT) MENJADI TIDAK LANGSUNG (INDIRECT)

A. Kalimat pernyataan (statement) pada kalimat tidak langsung (indirect)

            Perubahan direct menjadi indirect pada statement ditandai dengan ‘that’.
Kalimat langsung yang reporting sentence-nya memiliki verb dalam bentuk present tense (simple present, present continuous, and present perfect atau future tense) maka tidak ada perubahan tenses pada reported sentence dalam bentuk tidak langsung (indirect). Ini biasanya terjadi apabila:         
1. Melaporkan suatu percakapan yang masih berlangsung   2. Membaca surat dan melaporkan apa isi surat tersebut            3. Membaca perintah dan langsung melaporkannya pada waktu tersebut            4. Melaporkan pernyataan yang sering muncul
Contoh:
          Direct
            •  John (phoning from the station), “I’m trying to get a taxi.”
            • Siska says,” The sun rises every morning.”            Indirect
            •  John says that he is trying to get a taxi.
            • Siska says that the sun rises every morning.

Tense change

As a rule when you report something someone has said you go back a tense: (the tense on the left changes to the tense on the right):

Direct speech		Indirect speech
Present simple  She said, "It's cold."	›	Past simple  She said it was cold.
Present continuous  She said, "I'm teaching English online."	›	Past continuous  She said she was teaching English online.
Present perfect simple  She said, "I've been on the web since 1999."	›	Past perfect simple She said she had been on the web since 1999.
Present perfect continuous  She said, "I've been teaching English for seven years."	›	Past perfect continuous  She said she had been teaching English for seven years.
Past simple  She said, "I taught online yesterday."	›	Past perfect  She said she had taught online yesterday.
Past continuous  She said, "I was teaching earlier."	›	Past perfect continuous  She said she had been teaching earlier.
Past perfect  She said, "The lesson had already started when he arrived."	›	Past perfect  NO CHANGE - She said the lesson had already started when he arrived.
Past perfect continuous She said, "I'd already been teaching for five minutes."	›	Past perfect continuous  NO CHANGE - She said she'd already been teaching for five minutes.

Modal verb forms also sometimes change:

Direct speech		Indirect speech
will She said, "I'll teach English online tomorrow."	›	would She said she would teach English online tomorrow.
can She said, "I can teach English online."	›	could She said she could teach English online.
must She said, "I must have a computer to teach English online."	›	had to  She said she had to have a computer to teach English online.
shall She said, "What shall we learn today?"	›	should She asked what we should learn today.
may She said, "May I open a new browser?"	›	might She asked if she might open a new browser.

http://abudira.wordpress.com/2010/06/08/direct-dan-indirect-speech/